Forms of knowledge and eco-innovation modes: Evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms

The paper investigates the knowledge drivers of firms' eco-innovations (EI) by retaining the diverse nature oftheir target. Different internal and external knowledge sources are examined and the evidence of EI-modes issearched for with respect to a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms covering the 2007–2009 and 2010–2012periods. An “attenuated” Science, Technology, EI-mode prevails internally, with R&D more pivotal than eitherembodied or disembodied non-R&D knowledge, depending on the EI strategy. Externally, synthetic knowledgematters more than the analytical one, suggesting instead a Doing, Using, Interacting EI-mode. Hence, adichotomic combination of the two modes emerges across the firm's boundaries. However, remarkabledifferences are in place, depending on whether EIs target efficiency or non-efficiency related environmentalimprovements. Our evidence also shows that internal and external knowledge turn out difficult to combine,both within and across modes.